Protesters chanted "No defamation of the Prophet Mohammed" and burned an effigy of the French leader.
Macron sparked protests across the Muslim world after the murder last month of teacher Samuel Paty -- who had shown his class the insulting cartoon of Prophet Mohammed -- by saying France would never renounce its laws permitting Islamophobic caricatures.
The third major anti-France demonstration in Bangladesh in the past week was called by Hefazat-i-Islami, one of the biggest political groups in the country of 160 million people.
Many people came from towns outside Dhaka to take part in the rally.
Junaid Babunagaori, the firebrand deputy chief of Hezafat, called on Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina to move the Bangladesh parliament to condemn Macron.
"I call on traders to throw away French products. I ask the UN to take stern action against France," he told the rally.
