Akşemseddin, a famous scientist of the era who supported the Sultan in those difficult days, wrote a letter to the Sultan saying the siege must go on. This is the only document of the incident which has been preserved to this day.
A second plan was put in place. Some 60 ships were moved toward the Golden Horn on a road through a small cove with the help of men and oxens.
The ships reached the Golden Horn on April 22 shocking the Byzantine army which was hopeful of assistance from Genoese ships.
Six days later, Venetian Admiral Giocomo Coco failed to destroy Ottoman ships and was buried in the Golden Horn waters with his ship.
On May 6, the Ottoman army shifted its focus on the city walls between Topkapı and Edirnekapı, which had been weakened due to cannonballs.
Meanwhile, the Hungarian ambassador came to the Ottoman army and threatened that a Crusader army would set sail if the siege was not called off. Byzantinian men also sneaked into the Ottoman army spreading rumors that help was coming for the enemy from the Balkan side.
The nearly 50-day siege had created unrest in the Ottoman army.
Sultan Mehmet II ordered Zaganos Pasha to carry out the final attack on May 29.
Constantine XI, on the other hand, was trying to keep his realm in high spirits by organizing religious rite one after the other.
During the massive three-wave attack of the Ottomans at sunrise, Giovanni Giustiniani-Lungo, a Genoese soldier who was leading the defense was injured.
Topkapı city walls and its high tower were destroyed by artillery fire and burning gunpowder. Constantine XI along with his comrades was killed by Ottoman soldiers.
Mehmet II entered the city victorious and went to the dome of Hagia Sophia to get a view of Istanbul. He then ended the siege.
Istanbul was declared the new capital of Ottoman Empire.
With the conquest of Istanbul, the 1058-year Byzantine Empire dissipated, the Middle Age ended and the New Age began.
Mehmet II initiated the classical period of Ottoman Empire.
